How can renewable electricity be used all year round?
Many single-family homes with photovoltaic systems currently use lithium batteries to store the electricity produced during the day for night-time use. Such batteries have high efficiencies – about 85 percent of the stored electricity can be recovered. However, the materials are very costly, which makes them unsuitable for long-term storage. While hydrogen is less efficient, currently allowing around 50 percent of energy to be recovered, it can be produced cheaply in large quantities. Large production plants could convert electricity sourced from renewables into green hydrogen during peak periods of low demand and store this for the winter.
Hydrogen is produced by the electrolysis of water, whereby electrical current is used to break down water into its components hydrogen and oxygen. The electrical energy is now stored in the hydrogen as chemical energy. So-called fuel cells can reverse this electrochemical process, when required, converting the hydrogen back into electricity with the help of oxygen from the air. The only by-products are heat and water.
Perfecting the process
The principle sounds simple, but it requires a lot of scientific and engineering know-how, because energy is lost both during electrolysis and during conversion in the fuel cell. In order to achieve the highest possible efficiency, intensive research and experimentation is being carried out at PSI and in particular on the experimental platform ESI, which stands for Energy System Integration.
In addition to efficiency, another challenge is storage. Hydrogen is a very light gas that takes up a large volume when stored. The ESI platform uses a tank for this purpose. The tank holds around 7 megawatt hours of hydrogen – when converted back into electricity, it can generate around 3.5 megawatt hours of energy, roughly equivalent to the annual consumption of a two-person single-family household. Deployed on a larger scale, however, such tanks would take up too much space. Natural salt caverns, such as those currently used in Germany for hydrogen storage, do not (yet) exist in Switzerland. Therefore, underground systems of pipes are also being examined as a means of storing hydrogen in a way that doesn’t take up too much space.
Currently, there is a limited supply of green hydrogen in Switzerland and that is mainly used for mobility. Cars and trucks can be refuelled with green hydrogen at twelve filling stations. However, as new renewable energies expand, hydrogen is expected to play a greater and greater role. The Laboratory for Energy System Analysis at PSI estimates that from 2050 onwards, up to 5 terawatt hours of energy will be available annually in the form of hydrogen. This could then be used both for mobility and for long-term energy storage. In the second episode of our Energy Future series, we explain how electricity can be stored in the form of hydrogen.
Storing electricity in the form of hydrogen during peak production in summer and feeding it back into the grid when it is needed – the ESI platform at PSI is developing the necessary components for producing, storing and converting hydrogen, and testing their efficiency with the help of simulations.
(Video: Paul Scherrer Institute/Benjamin A. Senn, Markus Fischer, Mahir Dzambegovic)
The video series Energy Future deals with everyday questions on the topic of Switzerland’s energy transition. Each short video focuses on one particular issue. Possible solutions are put forward taking the latest results of energy research at the Paul Scherrer Institute.
Text: Paul Scherrer Institute/Benjamin A. Senn
